Book Description
In the early 12th century AD a large area of present-day France was not under the direct control of the French king. In fact, the French king's direct authority stretched little further than Paris and the area immediately around it, the Ile de France. Many of the other regions were semi-independent duchies and counties, controlled by, amongst others, the King of England and the Holy Roman Emperor. One such area free from direct French control was the Languedoc, the area stretching from the Massif Central south to the Pyrenees, and as far as the river Rhone to the east. This area was under the loose overlordship of the counts of Toulouse, and by the beginning of the 12th century the whole region had become the centre of an early form of Protestantism called Catharism that flourished to an extraordinary degree and threatened the rule of the Roman Catholic Church. Pope Innocent III, alarmed at this heresy and the unwillingness of the southern nobility to do much to uproot it, launched a crusade in 1209 against European Christians. The crusading army, represented the established Church consisting predominatly of northern French knights. They saw this as an opportunity both to 'take the cross' and to obtain new lands and wealth for themselves more conveniently than crusading to the Holy land. This, the Albigensian Crusade, became a brutal struggle between the north and the south of France as much as between orthodox Roman Catholic and heretic Cathar.
The inhabitants of the Languedoc had always relied for their safety upon a series of strongly fortified walled cities, such as Albi, Carcassonne, B?ziers, Toulouse and a large number of fortified hill-top villages and castles which dotted the countryside. These so-called 'Cathar Castles' now became the last refuge against the invading crusaders and the conflict developed into a series of protracted and bloody sieges that lasted for over 30 years. The author describes these two very different types of fortification, the walled city and the hill-top castle. He explains why they were positioned where they were, how they were built, and the defensive principles behind their construction, and also reviews how well they withstood the test of the Albigensian Crusade.
Related Titles
The Crusades (Essential Histories)
Medieval Siege Warfare (Elite)
French Medieval Armies 1000-1300 (Men-at-Arms)
Customer Reviews:
Short study on Cathar castles...........2007-06-23
In less then 62 pages, Macus Cowper does a fantastic job going into the details and structures of the major fortresses of the Albigensian Crusade that took up most the 13th century in southern France. The short book centered itself around the castles belonging to Cathars, a heretical movement that took hold in that part of France and subject to a major crusade to wiped it out.
The book comes with a decent background to the Albigensian Crusade how the castles affected the entire campaign as they withstood the crusade before finally falling. Looking at the photos and the illustrations, it took a lot of determination by the invaders to take some of these places. The book comes superbly well illustrated with detail drawings and diagrams of some of the castles, photographs and map of their locations. The text is well written and nicely researched. The author obviously got a pretty good command of the subject and it looks like he visited the actual locations himself.
The book also could serves as a nice historical travel guide as well since the author was kind enough to put in visiting hours and other such material into this book. The book come well recommended and should provide a good companiion piece to a more scholarly work on the Cathar that often come with a lot of words but little illustrations or photos.
A very concise little volume.......2007-03-28
Cathar Castles does not go into overwheming detail about the Albigensian Crusade, nor should it...it does supply a nice and very complete background however. It centers, quite sensibly on the Castle's themselves.
Expert artwork by Peter Dennis breaths life into the old Southern French Fortresses, the works are clear and vivid...and magnificently detailed. A very descriptive narrative by Marcus Cowper complements the illustrations...or they complement each other, that would be more to the point. Everything is explained including a nice conclusion on visiting these Castle's today.
A very nice 'fit' into Osprey's rather large collection of Castle's, Forts, Strongholds and Defenses that existed in many lands through the centuries.
A corner of Southwestern France.......2007-01-31
Crusades were not all in the Middle East. These crumbling remnants of fortifications from the 1200s bespeak a time of Christian v. Christian warfare as the Catholic Church tried to stamp out the Cathar movement the establishment considered to be heretical. Today, one can visit all these places, some with short walks, others after more difficult hikes. Part of a now more than 50-volume "Fortress" series from Osprey, this combines an informed text, photos, wonderful color reconstruction (and cutaway) diagrams, data on the places today, and a short reading list. There is not a lot about these structures published in English, making this even more useful. As one who has been in many of these castles, I recommend the book to anyone traveling in the region.
Book Description
An extraordinary portrait of thirteenth-century Languedoc as well as of the savage war fought within its borders over the future of Christianity
In the twelfth century, Languedoc, in the far south, was among the most beautiful parts of France, far away from the world of the feudal north. However, it was in this rich region that a heresy of Eastern origin took hold, forcing the Catholic Church to confront a rival whose teachings questioned the foundations of Christian thought. These heretics, called Cathars, held a profoundly pessimistic view of the world that was based on the duality of all things, including good and evil: according to one heretic, "The one, the good God, made the invisible world, while the other, the evil God, made the visible one."
Jonathan Sumption's acclaimed history examines the roots of this heresy as well as of the crusade the Church undertook in 1208 to stamp out the infidels, who ultimately were conquered by the Catholic armies. But this book does more than simply describe this terrible war; it reconstructs a lost world of great cultural richness, one that saw the creation in Languedoc of the troubadour tradition as well as the magnificent castles at Cabaret and Carcassonne.
Customer Reviews:
A strange, profoundly sad read........2007-10-12
I just finished this excellent piece of historical writing. Reading historical accounts is something I enjoy and I must say that Sumption has completed a remarkably good book about an extremely difficult historical period. This I believe is because of the difficulty of the sources themselves: the fragmentation of these accounts in terms of geography and time; the number of players and most importantly the difficulty of piecing together the duality of the subject matter-- Cathar heresey versus Catholic orthodoxy. Added to this volatile mix is the intercine relations between church and state during this late medieval period.
The second chapter, " The dualist tradition", was exceedingly helpful to me, an interested general reader of these arcane events of the High Middle Ages. This early chapter set the tone of the rest of the book in that Sumption was able to continually demonstrate his keen reading of the sources and better, his ability to sprinkle his narrative with many little pieces of information that makes this difficult examination of these complex yet hugely important events in French history.
His last chapter, that I just finished minutes ago, demonstrates this importance in that the French Crown used the total elimination of Cathar belief as a means of subjugating the unique culture of the Languedoc people. France was unified and religious centralism was used as the excuse. We can only speculate about the eventual nature of European history and therefore world history had not Innocent III decided to erradicate heresy in southern France.
"The Albigensian Crusade" contains a plethora of minute details that flesh out the intricat skeleton of this complex period. On pages 126 and 127 Suption details the Church's demands in order for Raymond VI to be accepted back into the faith and escape punishment as a heretic: no more than two meat dishes at his table at one time; he was to dress in only in simple, plain clothes; his castles were to be demolished.
On page 131 he recounts the harrowing capture of the Cathar town of Lavaur complete with stoning, burnings and the hardship of Medieval warfare.
I cannot speak highly enough about this book; Sumption has steered an extremely precise but easily negociable path through the difficult terrain of this immensely important and difficult period in French history.
The Albigensian Crusade Comes Alive!.......2007-01-31
This is an extremely well-written work that is an easy read. The maps are excellent and enable the reader to follow the narrative. This replaces the earlier work of Sir Steven Runciman (The Medieval Manichee).
Of particular interest was the explanation of the origin of the Cathars. My one complaint about the book is that he says that medieval generals lacked "science" (Peter at Muret), yet he gives many examples to the contrary! As for the reviewer who feels that he is overly-sympathetic to the Catholics, then why does Sumption call the section on the De Montfort loss of power and retreat "The Liberation"?
Just Had To Weigh In..........2004-12-17
I looked up Catholic/catholic on both dictionary.com and merriam-webster.com. Merriam-Webster says that "catholic" is "often capitalized" when used in the sense that Sumption uses it. Dictionary.com lists one definition of Catholic (capitalized) as "Of or relating to the ancient undivided Christian church" while reserving the lower case for the meanings "comprehensive" and "universal" and the like.
That being said, I probably wouldn't have noticed if I hadn't read it on a review here earlier. And there may be two different schools of thought on this, but it does seem like Catholic is capitalized more often than not in similar circumstances. So it does prompt the question as to why Sumption would do this in an otherwise very well written and organized work.
There is not a tremendous amount of easily accessible scholarly work on the Cathars, but I have been very impressed with this book all in all. I love it when a history book is a page-turner, forcing me to stay up late reading because I want to know what happens next.
OK, But.......2004-08-22
One can learn facts about the history of the Cathar movement and the crusade, but Sumption's strange steady praise of Simon de Monfort as a man of integrity and admonition of the people of Tolouse who celebrated his death, makes me wonder if the whole story is not being told i.e is the human imapct recounted with accuracy. If someone slaughters so many people with so little restraint becuase of a dedication to principles, should he really be called "a model Christian of austere personal morals?" See TS Eliot on Otello-- Terribly, one is also responsible for one's unconscious as well.
Here's what war is all about.......2003-05-01
France is a melange of 10 or more countries, and two largely distinct cultures: langue d'oui in the north and langue d'oc in the south. The south has a flourishing heretic culture, defiantly independent of Roman orthodoxy. The Pope offers indulgences to the kings in the north if they will invade the south and kick [tail]. So with a guaranteed ticket to heaven in your pocket, and visions of rapine and pillage dancing in your head, you ride down there and start killing, maiming, raping and thieving. But you complain that you can't tell the heretics from the Christians. Your general replies, "Kill 'em all. God will know his own."
Product Description
First published in Great Britain by Weidenfeld & Nicolson in 1961. English translation 1961. In 1208 Pope Innocent III called for a crusade against a country of fellow-Christians. The new enemy was Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse, one of the greatest princes in Western Christendom, premier baron of all the territories in southern France where the langue d'oc was spoken. So began the Albigensian Crusade, which was to culminate in 1244 with the massacre of Cathars at the mountain fortress of Montsegur.
Customer Reviews:
In days of old when...........2006-03-20
This is a well written and researched book which combines history with narrative. Although sources of the period are limited the author has approached the events of the Albegesian Crusade methodically and logically. Explaining the Cathar faith as well as the regional and national political influences and there variance with the Church of Rome add intrigue and bring to life the tightrope that the Counts of Toulose had to walk. Simon de Montforts role, activities and demise are well documented as is the role of he Dominicans, and their stubborn and dogmatic experience as Inquisitors. Finally the brutality towards, the stoicism of and the ultimate tradgedy and futile struggle of the Cathar faith against a seemingly omnipotent Roman Church illustrates all the personal attributes the make a good story. It's all here, from cowardice to heroism and from honesty to hypocrisy, that even today we see in the 3 Estates . A very good historical read and strongly recommended for those interested in the Crusades. The lack of maps would be my only criticism, but this could be easily remedied.
Informative and well written.......2001-06-03
I enjoyed this nicely written history of the Crusades and Inquisition in 12th and 13th century Southern France. This book was best when describing the political problems of the southern feudal barons and the Counts of Toulouse. The Counts, Raymond VI and VII, are forever caught between the nationalist views of their governed (many of them Cathar heretics) and the Roman Catholic Church.
The book is well-written and flows nicely through the interesting exploits of St. Dominic, Simon de Montfort, several of the Popes, bishops, and papal legates. Interesting stories about the founder of the Dominican order and his passion for preaching are found here. (Also read about the grisly death of de Montfort after a long period of seeming invincibility.)
The book could be improved by adding maps, as the geographical information regarding Southern France is quite substantial.
I would also say that the author does offer many opinions along the way, mostly in support of the Cathars, but they do not add up to a terribly cohesive whole. I expect to read some additional books on the subject of the Crusades and the Inquisition with the hope of gaining additional insights and opinions.
Amazing event. Unamazing author........2000-02-21
Ms. Oldenbourg sets out in what I considered a catholic-apologist style, but one clearly leaning away from the 13th century Church. Her tale of the generations of Counts of Toulouse and thier various enemies: the Church, characterized by Pope Innocent III and Simon de Montfort, a brilliant tactician, and the French King (and later Regency) is less than gripping. The events should be read and discussed, for they are fascinating. But Ms. Oldenbourg throws out opinion after opinion, giving a full page of "oh, woe!" after a particularly gruesome murder by a bishop.
If you are a schoolteacher, you will bore your students to death. If you absolutely love history, you can get through this book and learn a great deal; the sections describing the Catharist heresy (chapter 4?) and the beginnings of the Inquisition (chapter 11) were definitely informative.
If you have to, read this book. If not, read something else.
An ambitious topic, methodically addressed, less than fluid........1999-06-22
I read this due to a broader interest in the period and theme it addresses: heresy, circa 1207-1244 AD, in southern France. The primary sources for the period seem to be somewhat limited and one-sided, history being written by the winners, etc., resulting in a less than fluid presentation, which starts off with considerable verve and enthusiasm, but somehow plods rather methodically toward the end. This is probably an easier period for a theologian to tackle than someone attempting to maintain historical credentials. The author initially takes a very supportive attitude toward the Albigensians - the Cathari - but of course they get wiped out in the end, more or less, so from a purely structural point of view, it is a difficult narrative position to sustain, and does not lead up to any sort of philosophical summation as to how this era of heresy emerged, what followed it, or what it meant in the larger history of western Europe. The book has an extensive collection of references to people and families, which would have been better presented in an appendix. I spent half my reading time studying maps, attempting to assemble a geographic continuity for the text - with mixed results. I suggest two French road maps for accompaniment, one at 1:1,000,000 and one at 1:600,000. The fortress of Montsegur would have benefitted from a scaled floor plan to accompany the speculations concerning its architecture. In general, I think the anti-Roman-Catholic theme which which the book starts could have been sustained throughout, and would have lent greater unity to the book. I read the entire book, and was informed by doing so, but I think a more consistent development of thematic material would have yielded a better and more emphatic book.
Book Description
The Historia Albigensis is one of the most important sources for the history of the Cathar heresy and the Albigensian crusade. This new translation makes the work available in English for the first time. The Historiawas written between about 1212 and 1218 by Peter, a young monk at the Cistercian abbey of les Vaux-de-Cernay, where his uncle Guy was abbot. Guy took part in the preaching mission against heresy in 1207 and later played an important part in the crusade and became bishop of Carcassonne. Peter several times accompanied his uncle, and not only met those involved in the crusade, but himself witnessed many episodes. The Historiathus contains a wealth of firsthand detail about the personalities and events of the crusade, and about contemporary warfare. An introduction and extensive notes draw on other contemporary sources and on recent scholarship; nine appendices range from the policies of Innocent III to the technical terms used to describe fortifications, also providing translations of other important contemporary sources. W.A. SIBLY read classics at Balliol College, Oxford; his son M.D. SIBLY read history at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
Customer Reviews:
A thorough book.......2000-05-07
This book is a translation of a monks latin work on the albigensian crusade (launched 1209). It was actually written during the crusade (1212-1218). It has been translated beautifully and the authors has included many interesting notes about the accuracy of the monks work. If you would like to learns something about the albigensian crusade this book is great as it contains a rather detailed first/second-hand description of the events that led to the crusade as well as the crusade itself. The monk is rather prejudiced (he's a chatholic and the target of the crusade are heretics) but that only add color to the text.
The book is rather hard to read as the monk style of writing is very compact - very much information in little space - not many superfluous words or sentences.
Book Description
Interprets thirteenth-century crusades in terms of the development of Europe, especially France
Customer Reviews:
Concise and Informative.......2002-02-11
Strayer mastered the art of distilling complex topics into readable extended essays. His book, On The Medieval Origins of the Modern State, is generally regarded as a minor classic and should be read by everyone with a serious interest in European history. The Albigensian Crusades is organized well, insightful, and written well. In this brief book, Strayer provides the appropriate theological, social, and political background, delivers a concise narrative of the Albigensian Crusades, describes the primary actors very well, and summarizes the remarkably significant consequences of what appears to be an obscure episode in Medieval history. The Albigensian Crusades were motivated primarily by the desire of the Papacy to extinguish heresy in what we now call the South of France. Drawing on the Crusading tradition, and greed, of the northern French nobility, the papacy set in train a process that destroyed the political independence of the indigenous nobility and did eliminate eventually the Cather heretics of the region. The unintended consequences were remarkable. The Albigensian Crusade became the conquest of the south by the Kings of France, whose real authority had been limited to the north. The result was the foundation for the modern boundaries of France and made the French monarchs the most powerful kings in Europe. The Albigensian Crusade and its aftermath largely destroyed the distinctive culture of the south. More urbanized than the north, tolerant of both Christian heretics and Jews, possessing distinctive legal codes and literary traditions, the south more resembled the nascent city-states of Italy than the feudal north. Strayer summarizes these differences nicely by giving the region a distinctive name, Occitania, and makes the astute comment that the region was a country without a state. To combat the heretics, the Papacy came to rely on a vigorous and ruthless Inquisition, with terrible future consequences. Papal reliance on Crusades to accomplish European political ends became a common feature of Papal policy over the next century, creating chaos in Italy and Germany, severely undermining the prestige of the Holy See, and contributing to the disorder and uncertainty that would generate the Reformation.
I read an earlier edition of this book without the afterword by Carol Lansing and can't comment on it.
Two books inside one cover..........2000-12-24
THE ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADES by Joseph R. Strayer is really two books inside one jacket. The first book, by Strayer consists of a 174-page overview of the two crusades, one led by Simon de Montfort and the second under the auspices of the French Royals in Paris. The second "book" is an Epilogue by Carol Lansing, that examines heresy versus orthodoxy.
Strayer's book is about 30 years old, and while his writing seems mostly accurate, he is inclined to make generalizations some contemporary historians might not. For example, he says a necessary condition for the growth of "heresy" is a set of fluid economic and social circumstances that lead to uncertainty about personal well-being as well as exposure to people with different ways of thinking. In other words, material conditions go a long way toward explaining a diversity of faiths.
Strayer says the feudalism of the north (France) was virtually nonexistent in Languedoc (Strayer calls it Occitania) and primogeniture was not the hereditary rule. At the death of the father, properties were split up amongst the sons, and the wealth and power of successive generations diluted. Often, the loss of noble wealth and power was augmented. One means was to become a member of the Roman Catholic clergy and the other was commerce. The redistribution of wealth and power led to a new social order where the cities became dominant.
Languedoc, lay at the end of a main trade route that ran through Italy and into the East, and by 1200, the area was more like Italy with it's independent cities based on commercial wealth, than the feudal north with it's huge rural estates owned by landed nobility. New ideas and new people settled in Occitania, bringing diverse religious practices. In addition to the Cathars, the area was home to Jews, Mohammadens, and Waldensians. Roman Catholic clergy soon found their limited authority challenged, and one thing led to another until the Pope launched two crusades to eliminate "heretical faiths" that infested Occitania. Most of Strayers's account is about the subsequent Albigensian crusades (Albi was one of the "heretical" cities).
While Strayer does not address the issue of heresy, Carol Lansing's Epilogue (59 pages) is an essay on heresy. She says the orthodox Catholics were unclear about their own orthodoxy, so determining someone else was herertical was quite a task. She concludes that for the most part, heretics were condemned by their actions, not their beliefs.
She says the Waldensians were orthodox and should not be confused with the Cathers who really had a completely different religion. Waldo, the leader of the Waldensians would have been thought another St. Francis of Assisi had he been born during Innocent's reign as Pope. He had the misfortune to be born 100 years to soon and thus perceived as a threat. Although they were persecuted, Waldensians still exist today, and were probably the first real Protestants.
The Cathers believed in a dualist God and Lansing describes several versions of their theology in her Epilogue. Her account makes their tenets seem very confused. She says, "people wove together their beliefs, drawing on the teachings and practices of the Roman clergy, the Cather perfects, their own families, and their communities, as well as their own speculation and experince."
I found both of these "essays" raised and addressed interesting points and recommend the book for anyone with a serious interest in this topic.
One Of The Best..........2000-10-08
An amazing book detailing the situation in 13th Century Languedoc / Southern France and the major players involved. It paints a great picture of the French monarchy in relation to southern France. This sets the table for most feared instrument in the history of the Roman Church - The Inquisition. A must for any one interested in Church history and the Crusades.
Book Description
When the heretical medieval Cathar sect separated themselves from the rest of the world the full power of the Church was unleashed. This stirring book gives a vivid account of the way the Crusade and its legacy turned and twisted for over a hundred years.
Average customer rating:
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Massacre at Montségur: A History of the Albigensian Crusade
Zoë Oldenbourg
Manufacturer: Pantheon Books
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Binding: Hardcover
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ASIN: B0006AXS9Y |
Book Description
A compelling introduction to the war against the heretics of Languedoc launched in 1209, combined with a description of the political, economic, religious and social conditions of south-western France in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Michael Costen shows why the Cathar heresy came to flourish and how the campaign against it developed into a programme of conquest by which an alliance of church and state finally destroyed the heresy and united the region with the newly expanding French kingdom.
Customer Reviews:
A disgraceful whitewash of the Catholic Church's crimes.......1999-03-04
This book is a disgraceful whitewash of the Catholic Church's crimes against humanity. It begins by minimizing the social accomplishments of the society of the Languedoc and goes on to mischaracterize the Cathars, both distortions to mask the real magnitude of the Church's actions. The book does a good job citing all the pro-church publications available, but neglects to consider more balanced sources, omitting well-known historical works - even omitting positive information from the church itself. For example, St. Bernard of Clairveaux, following his own pre-crusade evalaution of the Cathars in the Languedoc concluded, "No sermons are more Christian than theirs, and their morals are pure." Despite its one-sided view, the book can't hide that the fact that the Church murdered tens of thousands by sword, thousands more by burning at the stake (after appropriate torture of course), destroyed the economy of the whole region, and reduced the culture to a level from which it would never fully recover. The book does it's best to draw attention away from the Church's real reason for the crusade: its paranoid fear that Catholicism might be displaced by Catharism. Astonishingly, the author has the gaul to conclude that somehow the people of the Languedoc simply evaluated Catharism versus Catholicism on their relative spiritual merits, and ultimately chose the latter. The author apparently doesn't seem to feel that the people of the Languedoc might have been influenced in any way by a 35-year genocidal war followed by 60 years of relentless inquisition. Other conclusions are of the same cloth. These transgressions might be easier to tolerate if the book were better written, but it is unfortunately very dense, sluggish, and lacking any narrative spark. The small print on high-glare paper is also very difficult to read. If you are already deeply familiar with the issues covered in this book, and are willing to read between the lines, there is enough anecdotal information to make it worthwhile. But, it you are seeking a book that provides a balanced introductory presentation, you'll have to look elsewhere.
The most concise treatment yet available.......1999-02-02
Michael Costen has produced the most useful and concise work yet available on this topic. The bibliography is exhaustive and the treatment synthesizes the political, economic, and spiritual aspects of the subject. I feel, however, that Costen fails to treat theoretical matters of deviance and persecution (though the facts speak for themselves). For those interested in a more theoretical work on persecution in medieval society, I suggest R.I. Moore's FORMATION OF A PERSECUTING SOCIETY. Nevertheless, this book is the best at setting the Albigensian Crusade in its historical context relative to Languedoc.
excellent up-to-date summary.......1998-12-27
Much in the manner of an earlier offering from Jonathan Sumption, Costen supplies with a concise and up-to-date summary of the origins and effects of the Albigensian crusade. Those looking for romance and fancy should perhaps look elsewhere, but for anyone wishing to develop their interest in this fascinating episode could do much worse than buy this book.
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